Since “information operations” do not involve shooting and violence, they must fall outside the American definition of war Our principal adversaries hold very different views of war and therefore of influence operations. The Leninist view of warfare is a continuum from agitation and propaganda to the use of nuclear weapons. Autocrats consider l

Americans make a sharp distinction between what we define as “war” and what we consider “peace.” We commonly limit our understanding of war as being the violent use of arms in support of policy. Put another way, if there is shooting, we are engaged in war. If there is no shooting, we are not at war. Pentagon thinkers therefore coined the st

It is still more ridiculous if .we reflect that the same critic [ed. Jomini?], in accordance with prevalent opinion, excludes all moral forces from theory, and will not allow it to be concerned with anything but the material forces, so that all must be confined to a few mathematical relations of equilibrium and preponderance, of time and space, and